SOAP
· originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol
· Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
· Can form the foundation layer of a web services protocol stack, providing a basic messaging framework upon which web services can be built.
· Produced when alkalis react with fatty acids.
Fatty Acid + Alkali --> Soap + Water
Sodium hydroxide/ sodium or potassium hydroxide potassium
salt of fatty
acid
· Fatty acid are obtained from animal fats or vegetables oils.
Special types of soap
· Castile soap
· Cream soaps
· Deodorant soaps
· Floating soaps
· Hypo-allergenic soaps
· Medicated soaps
· Milled soaps
· Oatmeal soap
· Castile soap
· Cream soaps
· Deodorant soaps
· Floating soaps
· Hypo-allergenic soaps
· Medicated soaps
· Milled soaps
· Oatmeal soap
Procedure
· Two procedures for soap making
· “cold” and a “hot” process
· The cold process, suitable for homemade soaps, produces soap bars which retain the glycreine by- product, and if the amount of alkali employed in the saponification is limited, an excess of fat (superfatted).
· The hot process, more suitable for laboratory or industrial preparation, yields a more chemically pure powder; by-products and excess starting materials are separated.
Detergent
Ø Any cleaning agent is not a soap is a detergent.
Ø Sodium salts of suphonic acid
Ø A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."
Ø Usually make from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions
Ø Work because they are amphiphilic - partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar).
TWO COMMON DETERGENTS
Sodium Alkyl sulhate
Sodiu Alkylbenzene Sulphonate
Classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.
Anionic detergents
ü Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic
Cationic detergents
ü Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end.
Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents
ü Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroupsionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside.
See surfactants for more applications
Major applications of detergents
Laundry detergents
Main article: laundry detergent
One of the largest applications of detergents is for cleaning clothing.