SOAP

·         originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol

·         Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.

·         Can form the foundation layer of a web services protocol stack, providing a basic messaging framework upon which web services can be built.

·         Produced when alkalis react with fatty acids.

       Fatty Acid           +             Alkali      -->      Soap         +        Water

                                                                              Sodium hydroxide/        sodium or
                                                           potassium hydroxide        potassium
                                                                                                    salt of fatty
                                                                                                         acid

·         Fatty acid are obtained from animal fats or vegetables oils.

Special types of soap

 ·         Castile soap
·         Cream soaps
·         Deodorant soaps
·         Floating soaps
·         Hypo-allergenic soaps
·         Medicated soaps           
·         Milled soaps            
·         Oatmeal soap 

            Procedure

·         Two procedures for soap making

·         “cold” and a “hot” process

·         The cold process, suitable for homemade soaps, produces soap bars which retain the glycreine by-  product, and if the amount of alkali employed in the saponification is limited, an excess of fat (superfatted).

·         The hot process, more suitable for laboratory or industrial preparation, yields a more chemically pure powder; by-products and excess starting materials are separated.

                                                                                                         

Detergent

Ø  Any cleaning agent is not a soap is a detergent.

Ø  Sodium salts of suphonic acid

Ø  A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."

Ø  Usually make from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions

Ø  Work because they are amphiphilic - partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar).

TWO COMMON DETERGENTS

Sodium Alkyl sulhate

Sodiu  Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

 Classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.

            Anionic detergents

ü  Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic

           Cationic detergents

ü  Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end.

           Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents

ü  Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroupsionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside.

           See surfactants for more applications

           Major applications of detergents

           Laundry detergents

           Main article: laundry detergent

           One of the largest applications of detergents is for cleaning clothing.

                                                                                     

 Soap Preparation  Process

·         From a chemical standpoint, is a salt (or a mixture of salts) of fatty acids.

·          Contains a positive ion, usually Na+ or K+, and a negative ion, usually the anions of long-chained carboxylic acids obtained by the hydrolysis of animal or vegetable fats.

·         Prepared by Hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition.

The most commonly encountered fatty acids in natural fats are given below:

Saturated Acids 

·         Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic Acid)

                   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

·         Myristic Acid (tetraderanoic Acids)

                   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

·         Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)

     CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

·         Stearic acid (octadecanoic acid)

     CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

                Unsaturated acids

·          Oleic acid (octadec-9-enoic acid)

       CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH- CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

·           Linoleic acid (octadec-9, 12-dienoic acid)

       CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH- CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

Type Of Soap....

Solid Soaps    

• Harder Soap
• Made from sodium hydroxide and saturated oils. (etc: coconut oil)
• Used for bathing       

  

           Liquid Soap

            

• 
           Softer soap

•          made from potassium hydroxide and unsaturated oil such as olive oil

•       Used s liquid soap and Shaving cream
           

                       By: Anis Syafiah Abdul Aziz